Safety of Inhalation of Hydrogen GasScientific Research
Safety of Prolonged Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas in Air in Healthy Adults
Cole, Alexis R. BS1; Sperotto, Francesca MD1,2,3; DiNardo, James A. MD4,5; Carlisle, Stephanie6; Rivkin, Michael J. MD7,8,9,10; Sleeper, Lynn A. ScD1,2; Kheir, John N. MD1,2
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is common in critically ill patients, and targeted therapy is lacking. Hydrogen inhalation reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in models of shock, stroke, and cardiac arrest. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of inhaled hydrogen at doses required for clinical efficacy studies.
DESIGN:
Prospective, single-arm study.
SETTING:
Tertiary care hospital.
PATIENTS/SUBJECTS:
Eight healthy adult participants.
INTERVENTIONS:
Subjects were exposed to 2.4% hydrogen gas in medical-grade air for 24 (n=2), 48 (n=2), or 72 (n=4) hours through a high-flow nasal cannula (15 L/min) in the hospital.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Endpoints included vital signs, patient and caregiver-reported signs and symptoms (stratified by clinical significance), pulmonary function tests, 12-lead electrocardiogram, mini-mental status tests, neurological examinations, and serology before and after exposure. All adverse events were verified by two clinicians outside the study team and an external data and safety monitoring team. All eight participants (18-30 years; 50% female; 62% non-Caucasian) completed the study without early discontinuation. No patients experienced clinically meaningful side effects. Compared with baseline measurements, vital signs, pulmonary function test results, summary mental status test results, neurological examination results, electrocardiogram measurements, or blood serology tests (except for clinically insignificant increases in hematocrit and hematocrit values). platelet count), kidney, liver, pancreas, or heart damage associated with hydrogen inhalation.
CONCLUSIONS:
Inhalation of 2.4% hydrogen does not appear to cause any clinically significant side effects in healthy adults. Although these data suggest that inhaled hydrogen may be well tolerated, future studies are needed to further assess safety. These data will form the basis for future interventional studies of hydrogen inhalation in injured states, including after cardiac arrest.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) leads to end-organ damage in many clinical situations, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiac arrest, resulting in significant morbidity in surviving patients (1). Treatment modalities for these disorders focus on timely restoration of optimal blood flow and prevention of sequelae; therapies targeting the IRI itself are often lacking. A notable exception is targeted temperature management, which has not shown consistent therapeutic benefit in randomized controlled trials in older children and adults (2). The need for targeted therapies to treat IRI is enormous.
Hydrogen gas (i.e. molecular dihydrogen [H2]) has recently been found to have therapeutic benefits by selectively reducing hydroxyl radicals (3,4) in the body, which are responsible for the formation of excess oxygen radicals and direct damage to DNA during reperfusion injury and lipid membranes. H2 administration has been shown to reduce nuclear factor-activated T cell-activated calcium signaling (central to apoptosis), activate the NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 pathway (regulate protective proteins such as glutathione and catalase) production), and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-a) (5,6). There are numerous preclinical studies showing that near-injury H2 inhalation causes cardiac arrest (7-12), cardiopulmonary bypass (13), stroke (3,14), hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (15), and sepsis (16, 17).
To date, rigorous clinical studies on the safety of H2 are lacking. Previously, our group found that mice exposed to 2.4% hydrogen in air for 72 hours had no clinically significant changes in neurological or lung function compared to controls exposed to medical air (18). In addition, numerous clinical H2 exposures have been reported in early clinical trials, including cardiac arrest (19), stroke (20), coronary reintervention (21), colorectal cancer (22), and lung cancer (23). Although adverse events were rarely reported in these studies, H2 dose and duration of H2 administration varied widely among them and were generally limited to a few hours per day. Because these patients were otherwise ill, disease-related findings could confound the identification of H2-related findings. Finally, although each of these studies was well performed, there was no reference to the rigor of good clinical practice, nor was it intended as a screening study for adverse events. The purpose of this study was to rigorously screen for adverse effects (AEs) associated with H2 exposure in healthy subjects at the dose and duration we plan to use for future efficacy studies.
RESULTS
Of the nine subjects examined, eight met all eligibility criteria and gave written consent. All participants completed the described study protocol without early discontinuation (Table 1). The study cohort was 20.8 ± 4.1 years old, and 50% were male. In one subject, needle displacement was observed for less than 1 hour during sleep, and the duration of exposure was extended by one hour. No environmentally harmful events occurred during the study period. No patients experienced clinically significant symptoms or side effects. In particular, there were no complaints of shortness of breath, chest tightness and wheezing or shortness of breath. In addition, no clinically significant changes (p=0.607) were detected on neurological examinations (pre- or post-exposure) or MMSE scores over time (Figure 2). During follow-up, there were no headaches, malaise, fatigue or other systemic symptoms during or after H2 exposure.
Mini-mental state examination scores during hydrogen gas exposure did not differ from baseline values. Points are individual replicates; green shading represents reference range.
Vital Signs and ECG
Compared with baseline findings (HFNC breathing), there were no significant changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, or oxygen saturation over time (Supplemental Fig. 1, https://links.lww.com/CCX/A804). There was a statistically significant but clinically insignificant decrease in heart rate over time (p < 0.05). There was no evidence of ectopic rhythm or conduction abnormality in any patient on telemetry or on 12-lead ECG (Supplemental Fig. 2, https://links.lww.com/CCX/A805).
Spirometry
Compared with HFNC breathing, there were no changes over time in percent predicted FEV1, FVC, or FEV1/FVC ratio (Fig. 3). There was a statistically significant but clinically insignificant increase in PEFR over time during and following H2 breathing (p = 0.038).
Pulmonary function testing. Compared with baseline (BL) measurements, there were no significant changes in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1, A), forced vital capacity (FVC, B), or FEV1/FVC ratio (C) during and following hydrogen gas administration. There was a clinically insignificant increase in peak expiratory flow rate over time, perhaps related to improving technique over time. Points are individual replicates; green shading represents reference range.
Laboratory Findings
Compared with baseline findings, there were no significant changes in WBC count. There were statistically significant but clinically insignificant pre- versus postexposure increases in hemoglobin (mean increase, 1.3 g/dL [95% CI, 0.8–1.7 g/dL]), hematocrit (mean increase, 4.0% [2.4–5.6%]), and platelet count (mean increase, 22 cells/µL [4–41 cells/µL]) (Supplemental Fig. 3 A–D, https://links.lww.com/CCX/A806). Compared with baseline findings, there were no significant changes in serum chemistry profile (Supplemental Fig. 3 E–N, https://links.lww.com/CCX/A806). There was a decrease in serum chloride by 2.0 mmol/L (0.27–3.7 mmol/L) (p = 0.0391). Similarly, there were no significant changes in hepatic or pancreatic enzymes, coagulation profile, or cardiac troponin (Supplemental Fig. 3 O–AA, https://links.lww.com/CCX/A806).
CONCLUSIONS
Inhaled 2.4% H2 appeared to be well tolerated with no clinically significant side effects. Compared with baseline measurements, there were no clinically significant changes in vital signs, neurological examinations, pulmonary function tests, or electrocardiographic changes, or any laboratory variable associated with H2 inhalation for up to 72 hours. Although these data suggest that inhaled H2 may be well tolerated, future studies are needed to further assess safety. These data should enable future studies of inspired H2 in the injured state.
REFERENCES
1. Chan PS, Nallamothu BK, Krumholz HM, et al. Long-term outcomes in elderly survivors of in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:1019–1026
3. Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K, et al. Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nat Med. 2007; 13:688–694
5. Iuchi K, Imoto A, Kamimura N, et al. Molecular hydrogen regulates gene expression by modifying the free radical chain reaction-dependent generation of oxidized phospholipid mediators. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:18971
6. Ichihara M, Sobue S, Ito M, et al. Beneficial biological effects and the underlying mechanisms of molecular hydrogen – Comprehensive review of 321 original articles. Med Gas Res. 2015; 5:12
7. Hayashida K, Sano M, Kamimura N, et al. H(2) gas improves functional outcome after cardiac arrest to an extent comparable to therapeutic hypothermia in a rat model. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012; 1:e003459
8. Nagatani K, Wada K, Takeuchi S, et al. Effect of hydrogen gas on the survival rate of mice following global cerebral ischemia. Shock. 2012; 37:645–652
9. Hayashida K, Sano M, Kamimura N, et al. Hydrogen inhalation during normoxic resuscitation improves neurological outcome in a rat model of cardiac arrest independently of targeted temperature management. Circulation. 2014; 130:2173–2180
10. Huo TT, Zeng Y, Liu XN, et al. Hydrogen-rich saline improves survival and neurological outcome after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats. Anesth Analg. 2014; 119:368–380
11. Wang P, Jia L, Chen B, et al. Hydrogen inhalation is superior to mild hypothermia in improving cardiac function and neurological outcome in an asphyxial cardiac arrest model of rats. Shock. 2016; 46:312–318
12. Chen G, Chen B, Dai C, et al. Hydrogen inhalation is superior to mild hypothermia for improving neurological outcome and survival in a cardiac arrest model of spontaneously hypertensive rat. Shock. 2018; 50:689–695
13. Cole AR, Perry DA, Raza A, et al. Perioperatively inhaled hydrogen gas diminishes neurologic injury following experimental circulatory arrest in swine. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2019; 4:176–187
14. Huang JL, Liu WW, Manaenko A, et al. Hydrogen inhibits microglial activation and regulates microglial phenotype in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Med Gas Res. 2019; 9:127–132
15. Htun Y, Nakamura S, Nakao Y, et al. Hydrogen ventilation combined with mild hypothermia improves short-term neurological outcomes in a 5-day neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia piglet model. Sci Rep. 2019; 9:4088
16. Yu Y, Yang Y, Bian Y, et al. Hydrogen gas protects against intestinal injury in wild type but not NRF2 knockout mice with severe sepsis by regulating HO-1 and HMGB1 release. Shock. 2017; 48:364–370
17. Xie K, Yu Y, Pei Y, et al. Protective effects of hydrogen gas on murine polymicrobial sepsis via reducing oxidative stress and HMGB1 release. Shock. 2010; 34:90–97
19. Tamura T, Hayashida K, Sano M, et al. Feasibility and safety of hydrogen gas inhalation for post-cardiac arrest syndrome – First-in-human pilot study. Circ J. 2016; 80:1870–1873
20. Ono H, Nishijima Y, Ohta S, et al. Hydrogen gas inhalation treatment in acute cerebral infarction: A randomized controlled clinical study on safety and neuroprotection. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017; 26:2587–2594
21. Katsumata Y, Sano F, Abe T, et al. The effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on adverse left ventricular remodeling after percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevated myocardial infarction – First pilot study in humans. Circ J. 2017; 81:940–947
22. Akagi J, Baba H. Hydrogen gas restores exhausted CD8+ T cells in patients with advanced colorectal cancer to improve prognosis. Oncol Rep. 2019; 41:301–311
23. Chen JB, Kong XF, Mu F, et al. Hydrogen therapy can be used to control tumor progression and alleviate the adverse events of medications in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Med Gas Res. 2020; 10:75–80
Коул, Алексис Р. BS ; Сперото, Франческа MD ; Динардо, Джеймс А. MD ; Карлайл, Стефани ; Ривкин, Майкъл Дж. MD ; Спящ, Лин А. ScD ; Kheir, John N. MD
Safety of Prolonged Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas in Air in Healthy Adults
Cole, Alexis R. BS1; Sperotto, Francesca MD1,2,3; DiNardo, James A. MD4,5; Carlisle, Stephanie6; Rivkin, Michael J. MD7,8,9,10; Sleeper, Lynn A. ScD1,2; Kheir, John N. MD1,2
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is common in critically ill patients, and targeted therapy is lacking. Hydrogen inhalation reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in models of shock, stroke, and cardiac arrest. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of inhaled hydrogen at doses required for clinical efficacy studies.
DESIGN:
Prospective, single-arm study.
SETTING:
Tertiary care hospital.
PATIENTS/SUBJECTS:
Eight healthy adult participants.
INTERVENTIONS:
Subjects were exposed to 2.4% hydrogen gas in medical-grade air for 24 (n=2), 48 (n=2), or 72 (n=4) hours through a high-flow nasal cannula (15 L/min) in the hospital.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Endpoints included vital signs, patient and caregiver-reported signs and symptoms (stratified by clinical significance), pulmonary function tests, 12-lead electrocardiogram, mini-mental status tests, neurological examinations, and serology before and after exposure. All adverse events were verified by two clinicians outside the study team and an external data and safety monitoring team. All eight participants (18-30 years; 50% female; 62% non-Caucasian) completed the study without early discontinuation. No patients experienced clinically meaningful side effects. Compared with baseline measurements, vital signs, pulmonary function test results, summary mental status test results, neurological examination results, electrocardiogram measurements, or blood serology tests (except for clinically insignificant increases in hematocrit and hematocrit values). platelet count), kidney, liver, pancreas, or heart damage associated with hydrogen inhalation.
CONCLUSIONS:
Inhalation of 2.4% hydrogen does not appear to cause any clinically significant side effects in healthy adults. Although these data suggest that inhaled hydrogen may be well tolerated, future studies are needed to further assess safety. These data will form the basis for future interventional studies of hydrogen inhalation in injured states, including after cardiac arrest.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) leads to end-organ damage in many clinical situations, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiac arrest, resulting in significant morbidity in surviving patients (1). Treatment modalities for these disorders focus on timely restoration of optimal blood flow and prevention of sequelae; therapies targeting the IRI itself are often lacking. A notable exception is targeted temperature management, which has not shown consistent therapeutic benefit in randomized controlled trials in older children and adults (2). The need for targeted therapies to treat IRI is enormous.
Hydrogen gas (i.e. molecular dihydrogen [H2]) has recently been found to have therapeutic benefits by selectively reducing hydroxyl radicals (3,4) in the body, which are responsible for the formation of excess oxygen radicals and direct damage to DNA during reperfusion injury and lipid membranes. H2 administration has been shown to reduce nuclear factor-activated T cell-activated calcium signaling (central to apoptosis), activate the NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 pathway (regulate protective proteins such as glutathione and catalase) production), and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-a) (5,6). There are numerous preclinical studies showing that near-injury H2 inhalation causes cardiac arrest (7-12), cardiopulmonary bypass (13), stroke (3,14), hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (15), and sepsis (16, 17).
To date, rigorous clinical studies on the safety of H2 are lacking. Previously, our group found that mice exposed to 2.4% hydrogen in air for 72 hours had no clinically significant changes in neurological or lung function compared to controls exposed to medical air (18). In addition, numerous clinical H2 exposures have been reported in early clinical trials, including cardiac arrest (19), stroke (20), coronary reintervention (21), colorectal cancer (22), and lung cancer (23). Although adverse events were rarely reported in these studies, H2 dose and duration of H2 administration varied widely among them and were generally limited to a few hours per day. Because these patients were otherwise ill, disease-related findings could confound the identification of H2-related findings. Finally, although each of these studies was well performed, there was no reference to the rigor of good clinical practice, nor was it intended as a screening study for adverse events. The purpose of this study was to rigorously screen for adverse effects (AEs) associated with H2 exposure in healthy subjects at the dose and duration we plan to use for future efficacy studies.
RESULTS
Of the nine subjects examined, eight met all eligibility criteria and gave written consent. All participants completed the described study protocol without early discontinuation (Table 1). The study cohort was 20.8 ± 4.1 years old, and 50% were male. In one subject, needle displacement was observed for less than 1 hour during sleep, and the duration of exposure was extended by one hour. No environmentally harmful events occurred during the study period. No patients experienced clinically significant symptoms or side effects. In particular, there were no complaints of shortness of breath, chest tightness and wheezing or shortness of breath. In addition, no clinically significant changes (p=0.607) were detected on neurological examinations (pre- or post-exposure) or MMSE scores over time (Figure 2). During follow-up, there were no headaches, malaise, fatigue or other systemic symptoms during or after H2 exposure.
Mini-mental state examination scores during hydrogen gas exposure did not differ from baseline values. Points are individual replicates; green shading represents reference range.
Vital Signs and ECG
Compared with baseline findings (HFNC breathing), there were no significant changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, or oxygen saturation over time (Supplemental Fig. 1, https://links.lww.com/CCX/A804). There was a statistically significant but clinically insignificant decrease in heart rate over time (p < 0.05). There was no evidence of ectopic rhythm or conduction abnormality in any patient on telemetry or on 12-lead ECG (Supplemental Fig. 2, https://links.lww.com/CCX/A805).
Spirometry
Compared with HFNC breathing, there were no changes over time in percent predicted FEV1, FVC, or FEV1/FVC ratio (Fig. 3). There was a statistically significant but clinically insignificant increase in PEFR over time during and following H2 breathing (p = 0.038).
Pulmonary function testing. Compared with baseline (BL) measurements, there were no significant changes in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1, A), forced vital capacity (FVC, B), or FEV1/FVC ratio (C) during and following hydrogen gas administration. There was a clinically insignificant increase in peak expiratory flow rate over time, perhaps related to improving technique over time. Points are individual replicates; green shading represents reference range.
Laboratory Findings
Compared with baseline findings, there were no significant changes in WBC count. There were statistically significant but clinically insignificant pre- versus postexposure increases in hemoglobin (mean increase, 1.3 g/dL [95% CI, 0.8–1.7 g/dL]), hematocrit (mean increase, 4.0% [2.4–5.6%]), and platelet count (mean increase, 22 cells/µL [4–41 cells/µL]) (Supplemental Fig. 3 A–D, https://links.lww.com/CCX/A806). Compared with baseline findings, there were no significant changes in serum chemistry profile (Supplemental Fig. 3 E–N, https://links.lww.com/CCX/A806). There was a decrease in serum chloride by 2.0 mmol/L (0.27–3.7 mmol/L) (p = 0.0391). Similarly, there were no significant changes in hepatic or pancreatic enzymes, coagulation profile, or cardiac troponin (Supplemental Fig. 3 O–AA, https://links.lww.com/CCX/A806).
CONCLUSIONS
Inhaled 2.4% H2 appeared to be well tolerated with no clinically significant side effects. Compared with baseline measurements, there were no clinically significant changes in vital signs, neurological examinations, pulmonary function tests, or electrocardiographic changes, or any laboratory variable associated with H2 inhalation for up to 72 hours. Although these data suggest that inhaled H2 may be well tolerated, future studies are needed to further assess safety. These data should enable future studies of inspired H2 in the injured state.
REFERENCES
1. Chan PS, Nallamothu BK, Krumholz HM, et al. Long-term outcomes in elderly survivors of in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:1019–1026
3. Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K, et al. Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nat Med. 2007; 13:688–694
5. Iuchi K, Imoto A, Kamimura N, et al. Molecular hydrogen regulates gene expression by modifying the free radical chain reaction-dependent generation of oxidized phospholipid mediators. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:18971
6. Ichihara M, Sobue S, Ito M, et al. Beneficial biological effects and the underlying mechanisms of molecular hydrogen – Comprehensive review of 321 original articles. Med Gas Res. 2015; 5:12
7. Hayashida K, Sano M, Kamimura N, et al. H(2) gas improves functional outcome after cardiac arrest to an extent comparable to therapeutic hypothermia in a rat model. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012; 1:e003459
8. Nagatani K, Wada K, Takeuchi S, et al. Effect of hydrogen gas on the survival rate of mice following global cerebral ischemia. Shock. 2012; 37:645–652
9. Hayashida K, Sano M, Kamimura N, et al. Hydrogen inhalation during normoxic resuscitation improves neurological outcome in a rat model of cardiac arrest independently of targeted temperature management. Circulation. 2014; 130:2173–2180
10. Huo TT, Zeng Y, Liu XN, et al. Hydrogen-rich saline improves survival and neurological outcome after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats. Anesth Analg. 2014; 119:368–380
11. Wang P, Jia L, Chen B, et al. Hydrogen inhalation is superior to mild hypothermia in improving cardiac function and neurological outcome in an asphyxial cardiac arrest model of rats. Shock. 2016; 46:312–318
12. Chen G, Chen B, Dai C, et al. Hydrogen inhalation is superior to mild hypothermia for improving neurological outcome and survival in a cardiac arrest model of spontaneously hypertensive rat. Shock. 2018; 50:689–695
13. Cole AR, Perry DA, Raza A, et al. Perioperatively inhaled hydrogen gas diminishes neurologic injury following experimental circulatory arrest in swine. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2019; 4:176–187
14. Huang JL, Liu WW, Manaenko A, et al. Hydrogen inhibits microglial activation and regulates microglial phenotype in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Med Gas Res. 2019; 9:127–132
15. Htun Y, Nakamura S, Nakao Y, et al. Hydrogen ventilation combined with mild hypothermia improves short-term neurological outcomes in a 5-day neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia piglet model. Sci Rep. 2019; 9:4088
16. Yu Y, Yang Y, Bian Y, et al. Hydrogen gas protects against intestinal injury in wild type but not NRF2 knockout mice with severe sepsis by regulating HO-1 and HMGB1 release. Shock. 2017; 48:364–370
17. Xie K, Yu Y, Pei Y, et al. Protective effects of hydrogen gas on murine polymicrobial sepsis via reducing oxidative stress and HMGB1 release. Shock. 2010; 34:90–97
19. Tamura T, Hayashida K, Sano M, et al. Feasibility and safety of hydrogen gas inhalation for post-cardiac arrest syndrome – First-in-human pilot study. Circ J. 2016; 80:1870–1873
20. Ono H, Nishijima Y, Ohta S, et al. Hydrogen gas inhalation treatment in acute cerebral infarction: A randomized controlled clinical study on safety and neuroprotection. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017; 26:2587–2594
21. Katsumata Y, Sano F, Abe T, et al. The effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on adverse left ventricular remodeling after percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevated myocardial infarction – First pilot study in humans. Circ J. 2017; 81:940–947
22. Akagi J, Baba H. Hydrogen gas restores exhausted CD8+ T cells in patients with advanced colorectal cancer to improve prognosis. Oncol Rep. 2019; 41:301–311
23. Chen JB, Kong XF, Mu F, et al. Hydrogen therapy can be used to control tumor progression and alleviate the adverse events of medications in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Med Gas Res. 2020; 10:75–80
1. Chan PS, Nallamothu BK, Krumholz HM, et al. Long-term outcomes in elderly survivors of in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:1019–1026
2. Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R, et al.; THAPCA Trial Investigators. Therapeutic hypothermia after in-hospital cardiac arrest in children. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376:318–329
3. Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K, et al. Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nat Med. 2007; 13:688–694
4. Yu J, Yu Q, Liu Y, et al. Hydrogen gas alleviates oxygen toxicity by reducing hydroxyl radical levels in PC12 cells. PLoS One. 2017; 12:e0173645
5. Iuchi K, Imoto A, Kamimura N, et al. Molecular hydrogen regulates gene expression by modifying the free radical chain reaction-dependent generation of oxidized phospholipid mediators. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:18971
PubMed
6. Ichihara M, Sobue S, Ito M, et al. Beneficial biological effects and the underlying mechanisms of molecular hydrogen – Comprehensive review of 321 original articles. Med Gas Res. 2015; 5:12
7. Hayashida K, Sano M, Kamimura N, et al. H(2) gas improves functional outcome after cardiac arrest to an extent comparable to therapeutic hypothermia in a rat model. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012; 1:e003459
PubMed
8. Nagatani K, Wada K, Takeuchi S, et al. Effect of hydrogen gas on the survival rate of mice following global cerebral ischemia. Shock. 2012; 37:645–652
9. Hayashida K, Sano M, Kamimura N, et al. Hydrogen inhalation during normoxic resuscitation improves neurological outcome in a rat model of cardiac arrest independently of targeted temperature management. Circulation. 2014; 130:2173–2180
10. Huo TT, Zeng Y, Liu XN, et al. Hydrogen-rich saline improves survival and neurological outcome after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats. Anesth Analg. 2014; 119:368–380
11. Wang P, Jia L, Chen B, et al. Hydrogen inhalation is superior to mild hypothermia in improving cardiac function and neurological outcome in an asphyxial cardiac arrest model of rats. Shock. 2016; 46:312–318
12. Chen G, Chen B, Dai C, et al. Hydrogen inhalation is superior to mild hypothermia for improving neurological outcome and survival in a cardiac arrest model of spontaneously hypertensive rat. Shock. 2018; 50:689–695
13. Cole AR, Perry DA, Raza A, et al. Perioperatively inhaled hydrogen gas diminishes neurologic injury following experimental circulatory arrest in swine. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2019; 4:176–187
14. Huang JL, Liu WW, Manaenko A, et al. Hydrogen inhibits microglial activation and regulates microglial phenotype in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Med Gas Res. 2019; 9:127–132
15. Htun Y, Nakamura S, Nakao Y, et al. Hydrogen ventilation combined with mild hypothermia improves short-term neurological outcomes in a 5-day neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia piglet model. Sci Rep. 2019; 9:4088
16. Yu Y, Yang Y, Bian Y, et al. Hydrogen gas protects against intestinal injury in wild type but not NRF2 knockout mice with severe sepsis by regulating HO-1 and HMGB1 release. Shock. 2017; 48:364–370
17. Xie K, Yu Y, Pei Y, et al. Protective effects of hydrogen gas on murine polymicrobial sepsis via reducing oxidative stress and HMGB1 release. Shock. 2010; 34:90–97
18. Cole AR, Raza A, Ahmed H, et al. Safety of inhaled hydrogen gas in healthy mice. Med Gas Res. 2019; 9:133–138
19. Tamura T, Hayashida K, Sano M, et al. Feasibility and safety of hydrogen gas inhalation for post-cardiac arrest syndrome – First-in-human pilot study. Circ J. 2016; 80:1870–1873
20. Ono H, Nishijima Y, Ohta S, et al. Hydrogen gas inhalation treatment in acute cerebral infarction: A randomized controlled clinical study on safety and neuroprotection. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017; 26:2587–2594
21. Katsumata Y, Sano F, Abe T, et al. The effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on adverse left ventricular remodeling after percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevated myocardial infarction – First pilot study in humans. Circ J. 2017; 81:940–947
22. Akagi J, Baba H. Hydrogen gas restores exhausted CD8+ T cells in patients with advanced colorectal cancer to improve prognosis. Oncol Rep. 2019; 41:301–311
23. Chen JB, Kong XF, Mu F, et al. Hydrogen therapy can be used to control tumor progression and alleviate the adverse events of medications in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Med Gas Res. 2020; 10:75–80
24. Ward JJ. High-flow oxygen administration by nasal cannula for adult and perinatal patients. Respir Care. 2013; 58:98–122
HBS10 is a device for hydrogen water and hydrogen breathing, with which everyone can easily apply hydrogen therapy at home. The device produces a minimum of 450 milliliters of gas per minute. This covers the internationally accepted standards for hydrogen inhalation therapy.
Proudly made in EU based on more than 10 years of experience in the production and development of hydrogen technologies
Chromatographically studied at Academy of Science CE certified Tested and Recommended by H2HUBB, USA
H2 therapy helps with all types of cancer. Hydrogen acts in two ways:
1. Hydrogen activates the Autophagy process in the body – thanks to hydrogen, the body begins to rid itself of cancer cells. 2. Hydrogen prevents the formation of new cancer cells. Free radicals in the body are the main factor that causes cancer cells to form. Hydrogen binds to free radicals and turns them into water molecules that are expelled from the body through the excretory system.
What other diseases does hydrogen therapy help with?
Hydrogen is the strongest antioxidant. It helps as an additional therapy for Asthma, COPD, Diabetes, Arthritis and any inflammatory processes in the body. It boosts metabolism and strengthens the immune system.
How is hydrogen therapy performed?
Hydrogen therapy is carried out by two methods – by inhalation with hydrogen gas, by inhaling with a mask or nasal cannula, or by drinking water saturated with hydrogen. Hydrogen inhalation is much more effective than hydrogen water. We recommend, whenever possible, to do inhalations for 30 minutes and during the rest of the time to drink water saturated with hydrogen.
How often should inhalation be done in people with oncological diseases?
We recommend, if possible, to breathe hydrogen for 30 minutes every 3 hours. In 30 minutes, hydrogen reaches all the organs in the human body. Over the next 3 hours or so, the hydrogen is exhaled or expelled from the excretory system. Inhalations should be made, for example, at 7:00, 10:00, 13:00, etc. until the end of the day.
When should we expect an improvement in the condition of a cancer patient?
After 22 to 50 days, tumor markers change.
Can a patient with stage 4 cancer get better?
Yes, unequivocally, hydrogen therapy improves the patient’s quality of life.
Can hydrogen therapy be used during chemotherapy, radiotherapy or targeted therapy?
Yes. It is recommended that, when conducting conventional therapies, hydrogen therapy should also be conducted in order to reduce the side effects of the drugs and to recover the patient faster.
EXCELLENT
Based on 4 reviews
Димитър Димитров
2023-12-21
Trustindex verifies that the original source of the review is Google.
The device is very easy to use.It was loaded for me when I purchased it.Thanks!
Александър Байчев
2023-12-13
Trustindex verifies that the original source of the review is Google.
I have lung cancer.I’ve been fighting for a year.9 months ago I also started hydrogen inhalations.I am currently in remission and they even canceled my last chemotherapy.Everything must be tried,including hydrogen.
John An
2023-11-07
Trustindex verifies that the original source of the review is Google.
We purchased the hydrogen therapy machine.We use it and it is very easy to use.
Andrei Daniel
2023-10-15
Trustindex verifies that the original source of the review is Google.
The hydrogen breathing apparatus arrived a few days ago. I breathe hydrogen every day. My coughing stopped.
